Boreal Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Sites (BERMS)

Publications

Publications

Amiro, B.D., Barr, A.G., Barr, J.G., Black, T.A., Bracho, R., Brown, M., Chen, J., Clark, K.L., et al. 2010. Ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes after disturbance in forests of North America. Journal of Geophysical Research 115 (G4): G00K02. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001390

Amiro, B.D., Barr, A.G., Black, T.A., Iwashita, H., Klujn, N., McCaughey, J.H., Morgenstern, K., Murayama, S., Nesic, Z., Orchansky, A.L., and Saigusa, N. 2006. Carbon, energy and water fluxes at mature and disturbed forest sites, Saskatchewan, Canada. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 136: 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.11.012

Amiro, B.D., MacPherson, J.I., Desjardins, R.L., Chen, J.M., and Liu, J. 2003. Post-fire carbon dioxide fluxes in the western Canadian boreal forest: evidence from towers, aircraft and remote sensing. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 115: 91-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00170-3

Anochikwa, C.I, van der Kamp, G., and Barbour, S.L. 2012. Interpreting pore-water pressure changes induced by water table fluctuations and mechanical loading due to soil moisture changes. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49: 357-366. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-106

Arain M.A., Black, T.A., Barr, A.G., Griffis, T.J., Morgenstern, K., and Nesic, Z., 2003. Year round observations of the energy and water vapour fluxes above a boreal black spruce forest. Hydrological Processes 17: 3581-3600. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1348

Arain, M.A., Black, T.A., Barr, A.G., Jarvis, P.G., Massheder, J.M., Verseghy, D.L., and Nesic, Z. 2002. Effects of seasonal and interannual climate variability on net ecosystem productivity of boreal deciduous and conifer forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32: 878-891. https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-228

Baldocchi, D., Kelliher, F.M., Black, T.A., and Jarvis, P. 2000. Climate and vegetation controls on boreal zone energy exchange. Global Change Biology 6: 69-83. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.06014.x

Baldocchi, D.D., Vogel, C.A., and Hall, B. 1997. Seasonal variation of energy and water vapor exchange rates above and below a boreal jack pine forest canopy. Journal of Geophysical Research 102(D24): 28939-28951. http://doi.org/10.1029/96JD03325

Balland, V., Bhatti, J., Errington, R., Castonguay, M., and Arp, P.A. 2006. Modeling snowpack and soil temperature and moisture conditions in a jack pine, black spruce and aspen forest stand in central Saskatchewan (BOREAS SSA). Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86: 203-217. https://doi.org/10.4141/S05-088

Barr, A.G., Black, T.A., Hogg, E.H., Griffis, T.J., Morgenstern, K., Kljun, N., Theede, A., and Nesic, Z. 2007. Climatic controls on the carbon and water balances of a boreal aspen forest, 1994-2003. Global Change Biology 13: 561-576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01220.x

Barr, A.G., Black, T.A., Hogg, E.H., Kljun, N., Morgenstern, K., Nesic, Z. 2004. Inter-annual variability in the leaf area index of a boreal aspen-hazelnut forest in relation to net ecosystem production. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 126, 237-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.06.011

Barr, A.G., Black, T.A., and McCaughey, H. 2009. Climatic and phenological controls of the carbon and energy balances of three contrasting boreal forest ecosystems in western Canada. Phenology of Ecosystem Processes. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0026-5_1

Barr, A.G., Morgenstern, K., Black, T.A., McCaughey, J.H., Nesic, Z.  2006.  Surface energy balance closure by the eddy-covariance method above three boreal forest stands and implications for the measurement of CO2 flux.  Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 140: 322-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.007

Barr, A.G., van der Kamp, G., Black, T.A., McCaughey, J.H., and Nesic, Z. 2012. Energy balance closure at the BERMS flux towers in relation to the water balance of the White Gull Creek watershed 1999-2009. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 153: 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.05.017

Barr, A.G., van der Kamp, G., Schmidt, R., and Black, T.A. 2000. Monitoring the moisture balance of a boreal aspen forest using a deep groundwater piezometer. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 102:13-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00094-0

Bergeron, O., Margolis, H.A., Black, T.A., Coursolle, C., Dunn, A.L., Barr, A.G., and Wofsy, S.C. 2006. Comparison of carbon dioxide fluxes over three boreal black spruce forests in Canada. Global Change Biology 13: 89-107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01281.x

Bernier, P.Y., Bartlett, P., Black, T.A., Barr, A., Kljun, N., and McCaughey, J.H. 2006. Drought constraints on transpiration and canopy conductance in mature aspen and jack pine stands. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 140: 64-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.019

Bernier, P.Y., Lavigne, M.B., Hogg, E.H., and Trofymow, J.A. 2007. Estimating branch production in trembling aspen, Douglas-fir, jack pine, black spruce, and balsam fir. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37: 1024-1033. https://doi.org/10.1139/X06-284

Betts, A.K., Ball, J.H., Barr, A.G., Black, T.A., McCaughey, J.H., and Viterbo, P. 2006. Assessing land-surface-atmosphere coupling in the ERA-40 reanalysis with boreal forest data. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 140: 365-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.009

Bhatti, J.S., Errington, R.C., Bauer, I.E., and Hurdle, P.A. 2006. Carbon stock trends along forested peatland margins in central Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86: 321-333. https://doi.org/10.4141/S05-085

Bisbee, K.E., Gower, S.T., Norman, J.M., Nordheim, E.V. 2001. Environmental controls on ground cover species composition and productivity in a boreal black spruce forest. Oecologia 129(2): 261-270.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100719

Black, T.A., den Hartog, G., Neumann, H.H., Blanken, P.D., Yang, P.C., Russell,.C., Nesic, Z., Less,X., Chen, S.G., Staebler, R., and Novak, M.D. 1996. Annual cycles of water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes in and above a boreal aspen forest. Global Change Biology 2: 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00074.x

Black, T.A., W.J. Chen, A.G. Barr, Z. Chen, M.A. Arain, Z. Nesic, E.H. Hogg, H.H. Neumann and P.C. Yang. 2000. Increased carbon sequestration by a boreal deciduous forest in years with a warm spring. Geophysical Research Letters 29(9): 1471-1274. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011234

Blanken, P.D., T.A. Black, H. H. Neumann, G. den Hartog, P. C. Yang, Z. Nesic and X. Lee. 2001. The seasonal water and energy exchange above and wthin a boreal aspen forest. Journal of Hydrology. 245(1-4): 118-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00343-2

Blanken, P.D., Black, T.A., Yang, P.C., Neumann, H.H., Nesic, Z., Staebler, R., den Hartog, G., Novak, M.D., and Lee, X. 1997. Energy balance and canopy conductance of a boreal aspen forest: Partitioning overstory and understory components. Journal of Geophysical Research 102: 28915-28927. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00193

Bonan, G.B., Davis, K.J., Baldocchi, D., Fitzjarrald, D., and Neumann, H. 1997. Comparison of the NCAR LSM1 land surface model with BOREAS aspen and jack pine tower fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research 102(D24): 29065-29075. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD03095

Bond-Lamberty, B., Wang, C.K., Gower, S.T. 2004. A global relationship between the heterotrophic and autotrophic components of soil respiration? Global Change Biology 10: 1756-1766. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00816.x  

Brooks, J.R., Flanagan, L.B., Varney, G.T., and Ehleringer, J.R. 1997. Vertical gradients in photosynthetic gas exchange characteristics and refixation of respired CO2 within boreal forest canopies. Tree Physiology 17: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.1.1

Brümmer, C., Black, T.A., Jassal, R.S., Grant, N.J., Spittlehouse, D.L., Chen, B., Nesic, Z., Amiro, B.D., et al. 2012. How climate and vegetation type influence evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in Canadian forest, peatland and grassland ecosystems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 153: 14-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.04.008

Chen, B., Coops, N.C., Fu, D., Margolis, H.A., Amiro, B.D., Barr, A.G., Black, T.A., Arain, M.A., et al. 2011. Assessing eddy-covariance flux tower location bias across the Fluxnet-Canada Research Network based on remote sensing and footprint modelling. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151: 87-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.09.005

Chen, J.M., Ju, W.M., Cihlar, J., Price, D., Liu, J., Chen, W, Pan, J., Black, A., and Barr, A. 2003. Spatial distribution of carbon sources and sinks in Canada's forests. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 55(2): 622-641. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00036.x

Chen, L., Li, Y., Chen, F., Barr, A., Barlage, M., and Wan, B. 2016. The incorporation of an organic soil layer in the Noah-MP land surface model and its evaluation over a boreal aspen forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16: 8375–8387. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8375-2016

Chen, W., Black, T.A., Yang, P., Barr, A.G., Neumann, H.H., Nesic, Z., Novak, M.D., Eley, J., Ketler, R., and Cuenca, C. 1999.  Effects of Climatic Variability on the Annual Carbon Sequestration by a Boreal Aspen Forest. Global Change Biology, 5(1): 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00201.x

Chun, K.P., Mamet, S.D., Metsaranta, J., Barr, A.G., Johnstone, J., and Wheater, H. 2017. A novel stochastic method for reconstructing daily precipitation times-series using tree-ring data from the western Canadian Boreal Forest. Dendrochronologia 44: 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2017.01.003

Chun, K.P., Wheater, H.S., and Barr, A.G. 2014. A multivariate comparison of the BERMS flux-tower climate observations and Canadian Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3) outputs. Journal of Hydrology 519: 1537-1550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydrol.2014.08.059

Cosh, M.H., Jackson, T.J., Smith, C., Toth, B., and Berg, A.A. 2013. Validating the BERMS in situ soil water content data record with a large scale temporary network. Vadose Zone Journal 12. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2012.0151

Davison, B., Pietroniro, A., Fortin, V., Leconte, R., Mamo, M., and Yau, M.K. 2016. What is missing from the prescription of hydrology for land surface schemes? Journal of Hydrometeorology 17: 2013-2039. https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-15-0172.1

Dimitrov, D.D., Bhatti, J.S., and Grant, R.F. 2014. The transition zones (ecotone) between boreal forests and peatlands: Ecological controls on ecosystem productivity along a transition zone between upland black spruce forest and poor forested fen in central Saskatchewan. Ecological Modelling 291: 96-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.07.020

Dimitrov, D.D., Bhatti, J.S., and Grant, R.F. 2014. The transition zones (ecotone) between boreal forests and peatlands: Modelling water table along a transition zone between upland black spruce forest and poor forested fen in central Saskatchewan. Ecological Modelling 274: 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.11.030

Flanagan, L.B., Cai, T., Black, T.A., Barr, A.G., McCaughey, J.H., and Margolis, H.A. 2011. Measuring and modeling ecosystem photosynthesis and the carbon isotope composition of ecosystem-respired CO2 in three boreal coniferous forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 153: 156-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.03.001

Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.P., Guillevic, P., Zagolski, F., Demarez, V., Trichon, V., Deering, D., and Leroy, M. 1999. Modeling BRF and Radiation Regime of Boreal and Tropical Forest: I. BRF. Remote Sensing of Environment 68: 281-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00119-9

Gaumont-Guay, D., Black, T.A., Barr, A.G., Griffis, T.J., Jassal, R.S., Krishnan, P., Grant, N., and Nesic, Z. 2014. Eight years of forest-floor CO2 exchange in a boreal black spruce forest: Spatial integration and long-term temporal trends. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 184: 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.08.010

Gonsamo, A., and Chen, J.M. 2014. Continuous observation of leaf area index at Fluxnet-Canada sites. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 189-190: 168-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.01.016

Goodbrand, A.R. 2013. Influence of lakes and peatlands on groundwater contribution to boreal streamflow (Master’s thesis). Available at https://ecommons.usask.ca

Goulden, M.L., Daube, B.C.; Fan, S.M., Sutton, D.J., Bazzaz, A., Munger, J.W., and Wofsy, S.C. 1997. Physiological responses of a black spruce forest to weather. Journal of Geophysical Research 102(D24):  28987-28996. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01111

Goulden, M. L., and Crill, P.M. 1997. Automated measurements of CO2 exchange at the moss surface of a black spruce forest. Tree Physiology 17: 537-542. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.8-9.537

Gower, S.T., Krankina, O., Olson, R.J., Apps, M., Linder, and Wang, C. 2001. Net primary production and carbon allocation patterns of boreal forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications 11: 1395-1411. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1395:NPPACA]2.0.CO;2

Gower, S.T., Vogel, J.G., Norman, J.M., Kucharik, C.J., Steele, S.J., Stow, T.K. 1997. Carbon distribution and aboveground net primary production in aspen, jack pine, and black spruce stands in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada.  Journal of Geophysical Research 102(D24): 29029-29041. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02317

Grant, R.F., Barr, A.G., Black, T.A., Gaumont-Guay, D., Iwashita, H., Kidson, J., McCaughey, H., Morgenstern, K., Murayama, S., Nesic, Z., Saigusa, N., Shashkov, A., and Zha, T. 2007. Net ecosystem productivity of boreal jack pine stands regenerating from clearcutting under current and future climates. Global Chang Biology 13: 1423-1440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01363.x

Griffis, T.J., Black, T.A., Gaumont-Guay, D., Drewitt, G.B., Nesic, Z., Barr, A.G., Morgenstern, K. and Kljun, N. 2004. Seasonal variation and partitioning of ecosystem respiration in a southern boreal aspen forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 125: 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.04.006

Griffis, T.J., Black, T.A., Morgenstern, K., Barr, A.G., Nesic, Z., Drewitt, G.B., Gaumont-Guay, D., McCaughey, J.H. 2003. Ecophysiological controls on the carbon balances of three southern boreal forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 117: 53-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00023-6

Guillevic, P., and Gastellu-Etchegorry, J.P. 1999. Modeling BRF and Radiation Regime of Boreal and Tropical Forest: II. PAR Regime. Remote Sensing of Environment 68: 317-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00120-5

Hardy, J.P., Davis, R.E., Jordan, R., Li, X., Woodcock, C., Ni, W., and McKenzie, J.C. 1997. Snow ablation modeling at the stand scale in a boreal jack pine forest. Journal of Geophysical Research 102(D24):29397-29405. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD03096

Hill, T.C., Williams, M., Woodward, F.I., and Moncrieff, J.B. 2011. Constraining ecosystem processes from tower fluxes and atmospheric profiles. Ecological Applications 21: 1474-1489. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0840.1

Hogan, J.M. 2006. Hydrologic behaviour and hydraulic properties of a patterned fen in Saskatchewan (Master’s thesis). Available at https://ecommons.usask.ca

Hogan, J.M, van der Kamp, G., Barbour, S.L., and Schmidt, R. 2006. Field methods for measuring hydraulic properties of peat deposits. Hydrological Processes 20: 3635-3649. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6379

Hogg, E.H., Barr, A.G., and Black, T.A. 2013. A simple soil moisture index for representing multi-year drought impacts on aspen productivity in the western Canadian interior. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 178-179: 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.025

Hogg, E.H., Saugier, B., Pontailler, J.Y., Black, T.A., Chen, W., Hurdle, P.A., and Wu, A. 2000. Responses of trembling aspen and hazelnut to vapor pressure deficit in a boreal deciduous forest. Tree Physiology 20: 725-734. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/20.11.725

Hopkinson, C., Chasmer, L., Barr, A.G., Kljun, N., Black, T.A., and McCaughey, J.H. 2016. Monitoring boreal forest biomass and carbon storage change by integrating airborne laser scanning, biometry and eddy covariance data. Remote Sensing of Environment 181: 82-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.04.010

Howard, E.A., Gower, S.T., Foley, J.A., and Kucharik, C.J. 2004. Effects of logging on carbon dynamics of a jack pine forest in Saskatchewan, Canada. Global Change Biology 10(8): 1267-1284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00804.x

Ireson, A.M., van der Kamp, G., Ferguson, G, Nachshon, U., and Wheater, H.S. 2012. Hydrogeological processes in seasonally frozen northern latitudes: understanding, gaps and challenges. Hydrogeology Journal 21: 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0916-5

Ireson, A.M., Barr, A.G., Johnstone, J.F., Mamet, S.D., van der Kamp, G., Whitfield, C.J., Michel, N.L., North, R.L., Westbrook, C.J., DeBeer, C., Chun, K.P., Nazemi, A., and Sagin, J. 2015. The changing water cycle: the Boreal Plains ecozone of Western Canada. WIREs Water 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1098

Jarvis, P.G., Massheder, J.M., Hale, S.E., Moncrieff, J.B., Rayment, M., and Scott, S.L. 1997. Seasonal variation of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy exchanges of a boreal black spruce forest. Journal of Geophysical Research 102(D24): 28953-28966. http://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01176

Ju, W., Chen, J.M., Black, T.A., Barr, A.G., and McCaughey, H. 2010. Spatially simulating changes of soil water content and their effects on carbon sequestration in Canada’s forests and wetlands. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 62(3): 140-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00459.x

Kalyn, A.L., and Van Rees, K.C.J. 2006. Contribution of fine roots to ecosystem biomass and net primary production in black spruce, aspen, and jack pine forests in Saskatchewan. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 140: 236-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.08.019

Keenan, T.F., Baker, I., Barr, A.G., Ciasis, P., Davis, K., Dietze, M., Dragoni, D., Gough, C.M., Grant, R., et al. 2012. Terrestrial biosphere model performance for inter-annual variability of land-atmosphere CO2 exchange. Global Change Biology 18: 1971-1987. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02678.x

Kimball, J. S., Thornton, P.E., White, M.A., and Running, S.W. 1997. Simulating forest productivity and surface-atmosphere carbon exchange in the BOREAS study region. Tree Physiology 17: 589-599. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.8-9.589

Kljun, N., Black, TA, Griffis, T.J., Barr, A.G., Gaumont-Guay, D., Morgenstern, K., McCaughey, J.H., and Nesic, Z. 2006. Response of net ecosystem productivity of three boreal forest stands to drought. Ecosystems 9: 1128-1144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0082-x

Krishnan, P., Black, T.A., Barr, A.G., Grant, N.J., Gaumont-Guay, D., and Nesic, Z. 2008. Factors controlling the interannual variability in the carbon balance of a southern boreal black spruce forest. Journal of Geophysical Research 113: D09109. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008965

Krishnan, P, Black, T.A., Grant, N.J., Barr, A.G., Hogg, E.H., Jassal, R.S., and Morgenstern, K. 2006. Impact of changing soil moisture distribution on net ecosystem productivity of a boreal aspen forest during and following severe drought. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 139: 208-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.07.002

Kucharik, C.J., Norman, J.M., and Gower, S.T. 1999. Characterization of radiation regimes in nonrandom forest canopies: theory, measurements, and a simplified modeling approach. Tree Physiology 19(11): 695-706. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/19.11.695

Lavigne, M.B., and Ryan, M.G. 1997. Growth and maintenance respiration rates of aspen, black spruce and jack pine stems at northern and southern BOREAS sites. Tree Physiology 17(8-9): 543-551. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.8-9.543

Lerdau, M., Litvak, M., Palmer, P., Monson, R. 1997. Controls over monoterpene emissions from boreal forest conifers. Tree Physiology 17(8-9): 563-569. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.8-9.563

Magagi, R., Berg, A.A., Goїta, K., Bélair, S., Jackson, T.J., Toth, B., Walker, A., NcNairn, H., O’Neill, P.E., et al. 2013. Canadian experiment for soil moisture in 2010 (CanEx-SM10): Overview and preliminary results. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 51: 347-363. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2012.2198920

Mahrt, L., and Vickers, D. 2002. Relationship of area-averaged carbon dioxide and water vapour fluxes to atmospheric variables. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 112(3-4): 195-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00079-5

Malhi, Y., Baldocchi, D.D., and Jarvis, P.G. 1999. The carbon balance of tropical, temperate and boreal forests. Plant, Cell and Environment 22(6): 715-740. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00453.x

Mamet, S.D., Chun, K.P., Metsaranta, J.M., Barr, A.G., and Johnstone, J.F.  2015. Tree rings provide early warning signals of jack pine mortality across a moisture gradient in the southern boreal forest. Environmental Research Letters 10. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/08421

Margolis, H.A., and Ryan, M.G. 1997. A physiological basis for biosphere-atmosphere interactions in the boreal forest: an overview. Tree Physiology 17: 491-499. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.8-9.491

Melas, E.K., Sulla-Menashe, D., Gray, J.M., Black, T.A., Morin, T.H., Richardson, A.D., and Friedl, M.A. 2016. Multisite analysis of land surface phenology in North American temperate and boreal deciduous forests from Landsat. Remote Sensing Environment 186: 452-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.09.014

Mo, X., Chen, J.M., Ju, W., and Black, T.A. 2008. Optimization of ecosystem model parameters through assimilating eddy covariance flux data with an ensemble Kalman filter. Ecological Modelling 217: 157-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.06.021

Morgenstern, K., Black, T.A., Humphreys, E.R., Griffis, T.J., Drewitt, G.B., Cai, T., Nesic, Z., Spittlehouse, D.L. and Livingston N.J. 2004. Sensitivity and uncertainty of the carbon balance of a Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir forest during an El Niño/La Niña Cycle. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 123: 201-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.12.003

Nakamura, R., and Mahrt, L. 2001. Similarity theory for local and spatially averaged momentum fluxes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 108: 265-279.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00250-7

Nichol, C.J., Huemmrich, K.F., Black, T.A., Jarvis, P.G., Walthall, C.L., Grace, J., and Hall, F.G. 2000. Remote sensing of photosynthetic-light-use efficiency of boreal forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 101: 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00167-7

Ni-Meister, W., and Gao, H. 2011. Assessing the impacts of vegetation heterogeneity on energy fluxes and snowmelt in boreal forests. Journal of Plant Ecology 4: 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtr004

O'Connell, K.E.B., Gower, S.T., and Norman, J.M. 2003. Comparison of net primary production and light-use dynamics of two boreal black spruce forest communities. Ecosystems 6: 236-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0201-x

Pinno, B.D., Wilson, S.D., Steinaker, D.F., Van Rees, K.C.J., and McDonald, S.A. 2010. Fine root dynamics of trembling aspen in boreal forest and aspen parkland in central Canada. Annals of Forest Science 67: 710. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest/2010035

Ponton, S., Flanagan, L.B., Alstad, K.P., Johnson, B.G., Morgenstern, K., Kljun, N., Black, T.A., and Barr, A.G. 2006. Comparison of ecosystem water-use efficiency among Douglas-fir forest, aspen forest and grassland using eddy covariance and carbon isotope techniques. Global Change Biology 12: 294-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01103.x

Rayment, M.B., and Jarvis, P.G. 1999. Seasonal gas exchange of black spruce using an automatic branch bag system. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29(10): 1528-1538. https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-130

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